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International Journal of
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VOL. 12, ISSUE 3 (2026)
Artificial Intelligence in commercial contracting under Jordanian Law: Contract formation, attribution and civil liability
Authors
Eyad Moaied Daoud Al-Khateeb, Ismael Mohammad Al-Halalmeh, Mustafa Mousa Alajarmeh, Rakad Salem Falah Khawaldeh, Rami Ali Daradkeh, Nour Hashem Baj
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is increasingly involved in the initiation, negotiation, formation, and performance of commercial contracts, creating new questions concerning contractual consent, attribution, mistake, and civil liability. This study examines how Jordanian commercial and civil law can address AI-assisted, automated, and AI-generated contracting without recognising artificial intelligence as an independent legal person. Using a doctrinal legal methodology, the study systematically interprets Jordanian private-law and electronic-transaction principles and applies them to representative AI-enabled commercial scenarios. The analysis distinguishes technological generation from legal attribution and identifies prior authorisation as a central basis for connecting AI-generated acts to commercial actors. It develops a four-element attribution framework based on authorised deployment, scope of authority, effective control, and transactional connection. The findings further show that contractual consent may operate through layered intention, including the decision to deploy an AI system, the authority granted to it, the resulting transaction, and subsequent ratification or performance. AI-generated mistake should be assessed through material deviation, counterparty knowledge, and reasonable commercial reliance, while contractual responsibility should ordinarily remain with recognised legal persons. The study concludes that targeted doctrinal and legislative clarification can strengthen legal certainty while preserving the coherence of Jordanian commercial and civil law in increasingly autonomous digital commercial environments.
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Pages:350-358
How to cite this article:
Eyad Moaied Daoud Al-Khateeb, Ismael Mohammad Al-Halalmeh, Mustafa Mousa Alajarmeh, Rakad Salem Falah Khawaldeh, Rami Ali Daradkeh, Nour Hashem Baj "Artificial Intelligence in commercial contracting under Jordanian Law: Contract formation, attribution and civil liability". International Journal of Law, Vol 12, Issue 3, 2026, Pages 350-358

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