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VOL. 12, ISSUE 1 (2026)
Legal framework in criminal liability for crimes involving artificial intelligence in the European Union, The United States, And China
Authors
Doan Thi Thu Hien, Trinh Khanh Ngoc, Hoang Huu Phu
Abstract
The rapid development of artificial
intelligence (AI) in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has
profoundly transformed social activities while simultaneously creating new
risks of criminal misuse. Beyond its economic and technological benefits, AI
has increasingly been employed in fraud, misinformation, cybercrime, market
manipulation, and the operation of autonomous systems. The growing capacity of
AI systems for self-learning, adaptation, and automated decision-making
challenges traditional criminal law concepts of conduct, fault, and causation,
and complicates the identification and regulation of crimes involving AI.
Against this backdrop, this article seeks to clarify the concept and key
characteristics of crimes involving AI, with particular attention to the role
of AI as a tool, intermediary, or risk-enhancing factor in criminal conduct.
Adopting a comparative legal perspective, the study examines the legislative
frameworks and enforcement approaches adopted in the European Union, the United
States, and China, three jurisdictions that represent distinct regulatory philosophies
and legal traditions. Through this analysis, the article aims to provide a
structured basis for understanding how criminal liability is addressed in the
context of AI-related risks.
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Pages:198-205
How to cite this article:
Doan Thi Thu Hien, Trinh Khanh Ngoc, Hoang Huu Phu "Legal framework in criminal liability for crimes involving artificial intelligence in the European Union, The United States, And China". International Journal of Law, Vol 12, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 198-205
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