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VOL. 11, ISSUE 5 (2025)
The note verbale battle over the East Sea (2019–2024): An unprecedented legal-diplomatic fight in modern world history
Authors
Nguyen Ba Dien, Nguyen Hung Cuong, Nguyen Thi Thu Phuong, Hoang Thi Lien
Abstract
The "Note Verbale Battle" over the
East Sea (South China Sea) represents an unprecedented legal and diplomatic
battle in modern international history. This article analyzes the theoretical
underpinnings of the note verbale campaigns, clarifies their concept and
constituent elements, and examines the causes that led to this phenomenon. Through
a detailed study of the three major phases of the note verbale conflict
(2009–2011, 2013–2016, and 2019–2023), the article highlights the evolution of
state positions, the strategic use of international law, and the
intensification of diplomatic efforts surrounding maritime claims. The article
also evaluates the profound impacts of the note verbale warfare on Vietnam’s
legal standing, security posture, diplomatic activities, and maritime economic
interests. By systematically analyzing the nature, progression, and
consequences of this conflict, the article underscores the growing role of
lawfare and diplomacy in shaping the geopolitical landscape of the East Sea.
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Pages:35-41
How to cite this article:
Nguyen Ba Dien, Nguyen Hung Cuong, Nguyen Thi Thu Phuong, Hoang Thi Lien "The note verbale battle over the East Sea (2019–2024): An unprecedented legal-diplomatic fight in modern world history". International Journal of Law, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2025, Pages 35-41
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