This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Vietnam’s emerging legal framework on greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in the context of the country’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. It examines the core regulatory components governing GHG inventories, emission-quota allocation, mitigation planning and measures, measurement-reporting-verification (MRV), and compliance enforcement. The study highlights the foundational role of the Law on Environmental Protection 2020, together with its implementing decrees and technical circulars, in establishing a data-driven and market-oriented approach to national GHG mitigation. While recognizing the significant progress Vietnam has made in aligning its domestic law with international standards under the Paris Agreement, the article identifies remaining institutional, technical, and regulatory gaps. It further proposes targeted recommendations to refine inventory methodologies, strengthen quota-allocation mechanisms, standardize mitigation plans, modernize MRV systems, and enhance enforcement to safeguard the integrity of the emerging carbon market. By synthesizing legal, technical, and policy perspectives, the article contributes to the understanding of Vietnam’s transition from administrative management of emissions toward a transparent, market-based, and legally robust GHG-mitigation regime.