Sustainable fisheries exploitation has become an urgent global priority in the context of declining marine resources and growing environmental challenges. This paper focuses on analyzing the international legal framework governing sustainable fisheries, including its definitions, characteristics, roles, and the historical development of the legal system. Based on this foundation, the author assesses the current international regulations, highlighting both the achievements and remaining limitations. The paper also provides recommendations for the international community on improving the legal framework and proposes strategic directions for Vietnam in terms of legal harmonization, enforcement, and active participation in international legal mechanisms, all aimed at achieving sustainable fisheries development aligned with global integration.