The mushrooming growth of industrialization and urbanization over the past century has catalysed unprecedented economic growth but concurrently given rise to a pressing environmental crisis. Pollution of rivers and streams is a global environmental challenge with profound consequences for ecosystems, human health, and sustainable development. In India the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, which came in to force five decade ago and stands as a pivotal legislation, addressing the critical need for the preservation and sustainable management of water resources. It empowers authorities to set water quality standards, monitor pollution levels, and take corrective actions against polluters. It establishes the legal framework for the prevention and control of water pollution, outlining the responsibilities of industries, local bodies, and the central and state pollution control boards.